SVE OČI UPRTE U SAD

Tko god pobijedi na američkim izborima, suočit će se s nečim što nije viđeno već 500 godina

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04.11.2024.
u 15:58
Dominacija Zapada dovedena je u pitanje, a summit zemalja BRICS-a pokazao je da tržišta u razvoju nisu spremna pokleknuti pod pritiskom
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Studeni je 1992. i SAD je na vrhuncu svoje moći. Komunizam je poražen. Berlinski zid je srušen. Sovjetski Savez se raspao. Liberalizacija kineskog gospodarstva nudi američkim multinacionalnim tvrtkama priliku da proizvodnju prepuste vanjskim suradnicima. Započelo je doba globalizacije kojom dominira Amerika.

Dvojica liberalnih internacionalista – George H. W. Bush i Bill Clinton – bore se za mjesto predsjednika. Na kraju, Clinton pobjeđuje Busha, sadašnjeg republikanskog predsjednika, jer protekcionist Ross Perot uzima više glasova republikancima nego demokratima. Mnogo toga se promijenilo u 32 godine otkako je Clinton postao prvi baby boomer koji je ušao u Bijelu kuću. Dok se Amerikanci pripremaju izaći na izbore u utorak, oni to čine znajući da je njihova zemlja još uvijek najveće gospodarstvo svijeta i najjača vojna sila. Ali njegova nadmoć više nije neosporna i unipolarni novi svjetski poredak kojim se Bush hvalio 1991. godine na kraju prvog Zaljevskog rata je propao.

U 1990-ima se govorilo o svijetu bez države u kojem bi se novac, roba i ljudi kretali slobodno i nesmetano. Uklonjene su kontrole kapitala. Neovisne središnje banke određuju kamatne stope. Svjetska trgovinska organizacija razbila bi trgovinske barijere i nadzirala globalni trgovinski sustav.

Ali stvari su brzo krenule po zlu i neoliberalna utopija nikada se nije ostvarila. Slobodno kretanje kapitala uz minimalnu regulaciju dovelo je do niza lokaliziranih kolapsa koji su na kraju postali globalni u bankarskoj krizi 2008. Kina je postala mnogo veće i moćnije gospodarstvo nego što je SAD predviđao. WTO se pokazao nesposobnim pregovarati o novim trgovinskim sporazumima. Glasači su izrazili ljutnju zbog sporog rasta, deindustrijalizacije i masovne migracije. Pandemija Covida razotkrila je krhkost globalnih opskrbnih lanaca. Nacionalna država se vratila, zajedno s aktivističkom industrijskom politikom i protekcionizmom. Busheva vizija svijeta koji maršira u korak sa SAD-om nije trajala više od desetljeća.

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Prošlomjesečni summit BRICS-a, kojem je domaćin bio ruski predsjednik Vladimir Putin, odražava promjene na globalnoj sceni. Izvorno sastavljen od pet članica – Brazila, Rusije, Indije, Kine i Južne Afrike – ovaj savez se proširio, uključivši četiri nove članice: Egipat, Etiopiju, Iran i Ujedinjene Arapske Emirate, što su službeno potvrdili na sastanku u Kazanu. Uz to, događaj je privukao veliku pozornost: nekoliko desetaka zemalja, među kojima su Saudijska Arabija, Turska i Indonezija, pridružilo se summitu kao promatrači i izrazilo želju za članstvom u BRICS-u.

Putinov interes za proširenje BRICS-a očit je: želi pokazati da, unatoč sankcijama uvedenim i pooštrenim nakon invazije na Ukrajinu prije dvije i pol godine, Rusija nije međunarodno izolirana. Ipak, Putinova ideja o stvaranju valute BRICS koja bi konkurirala američkom dolaru zasad je daleko od ostvarive. Dolar ostaje stabilan, a zemlje poput Indije, Brazila i Južne Afrike nisu spremne prekinuti veze sa SAD-om i zapadnim saveznicima, preferirajući održavanje odnosa s obje strane.

FOTO S ocem nije bliska, o porijeklu ne priča, a udala se s 50 godina nakon spoja na slijepo

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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris campaigns in Michigan
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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris campaigns in Michigan
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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris campaigns in Michigan
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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris campaigns in Michigan
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Democratic presidential nominee Vice President Kamala Harris arrives at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Detroit
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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris campaigns in Michigan
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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris campaigns in Michigan
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Democratic presidential nominee U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris visits Kuzzo's Chicken & Waffles, in Detroit
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U.S. Vice President and Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris disembarks from Air Force Two upon arrival at Reno-Tahoe International Airport in Reno
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Democratic presidential nominee and U.S. Vice President Harris campaigns in Georgia

Unatoč tome, summit u Kazanu bio je značajan iz tri ključna razloga. Prvo, pokazao je da sankcije nisu slomile rusku ekonomiju i da to vjerojatno nikada neće učiniti. Kina i Indija i dalje kupuju rusku naftu, a rusko gospodarstvo pokazuje otpornost. Iako je to zapadnim vladama teško priznati, Rusija ima sposobnost dugotrajne borbe i pokazuje znatnu izdržljivost. Drugo, veća tržišta u nastajanju ne popuštaju pred pritiskom Zapada. Ovo vrijedi ne samo za Rusiju već i za Kinu, koja se boji izbacivanja s ključnih zapadnih tržišta zbog carina i trgovinskih barijera.

Ako Donald Trump pobijedi na izborima, planira uvesti 60% carine na sav kineski uvoz u SAD, što je ozbiljan udarac s obzirom na to da je Kina 2022. godine ostvarila trgovinski suficit sa SAD-om od 400 milijardi dolara. No, ni demokrati nisu blaži prema Kini. Kamala Harris držala bi se, navodi Guardian, manje drakonskog, ali još uvijek robusnog pristupa Joea Bidena tijekom svog predsjedničkog mandata, koji uključuje stopostotne carine na kineska električna vozila, zabrane ulaganja i sankcije protiv tehnoloških kompanija.

VEZANI ČLANCI:

Unatoč pokušajima da svoj model rasta usmjeri prema domaćoj potrošnji, Kina ostaje gospodarstvo ovisno o izvozu. Mora pronaći tržišta za robu koju proizvode njezine tvornice, a iako članice BRICS-a nisu zamjena za mnogo bogatije zemlje Sjeverne Amerike i Europe, one uključuju važnije nacije srednjeg dohotka. Konačni razlog zašto je summit u Kazanu bio važan bio je taj što je pokazao sve veći utjecaj i nestrpljivost globalnog juga, koji čini većinu svjetskog stanovništva i ima sve veći udio u globalnom gospodarstvu. Zajednički BDP zemalja G7 – SAD-a, Japana, Njemačke, UK-a, Francuske, Italije i Kanade – pao je sa 67% u 1994. na 44% u 2022., dok se Kina učetverostručila na 20% u istom razdoblju.

Novi svjetski poredak trebao je proizvesti prosperitet za sve, ali to nije uspio. Prema Svjetskoj banci, napredak u borbi protiv globalnog siromaštva je zaustavljen zbog ratova, rastućeg duga, pandemije i klimatskih promjena. Bogate zemlje nisu sposobne ili ne žele odgovoriti na ovu polikrizu. G7 i zapad općenito se ponašaju kao da su još uvijek moćni kao što su bili 1944. godine kada su na konferenciji u Bretton Woodsu stvoreni Svjetska banka i Međunarodni monetarni fond. "Ali ovo je sada drugačija globalna ekonomija. Bez obzira na to tko pobijedi u utrci za Bijelu kuću, dominacija Zapada je dovedena u pitanje kao što nije bila u posljednjih 500 godina", zaključuje Guardian.

FOTO Karijera mu je krenula uz 'tatin poguranac', zarađivao milijarde i doživio bankrote: Dječak plavih očiju opet želi biti prvi čovjek SAD-a

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Komentari 14

ZA
zagabria4
17:11 04.11.2024.

Dominacija zapada nije upitna nego je gotova. Više nitko ne može zaustaviti jačanje Kine i Indije. Amerika pada ali će zadržati dio utjecaja. Europa kao pogubljena američka pudlica najlošije će proći

ZS
ZNA SE
19:26 04.11.2024.

Podrška Trumpu, MAGA 2024!!

Avatar Heisenberg
Heisenberg
17:36 04.11.2024.

Ja vidim bolji svijet. Amerika je bankrotirala, Europa nesposobna za vlastito rasuđivanje, Bricks se razvija, Rusiju nisu uspjeli slomiti. To su sve pozitivne vijesti.