U posljednjih sedam desetljeća rast BDP-a bio je primarni ekonomski cilj europskih zemalja. No, kako su rasla gospodarstva, rastao je i negativan utjecaj na okoliš. Sada prelazimo granice planetarne stabilnosti i gospodarska se aktivnost ni približno dovoljno ne odvaja od korištenja resursa i zagađenja.
Rješavanje društvenih problema u europskim zemljama danas ne zahtijeva više rasta, nego pravedniju raspodjelu dohotka i bogatstva koje već imamo, poručilo je više od 200 uglednih svjetskih i europskih znanstvenika u pismu kojim zahtijevaju da Europa odustane od fiksacije na rast, uoči ovotjedne konferencije Post-Growth 2018. u Bruxellesu, na kojoj će se u Europskom parlamentu to prvi put nametnuti kao tema. Inicijatori dolaze iz pet parlamentarnih klubova, a među potpisnicima je i nekoliko hrvatskih znanstvenika: dr.sc. Branko Ančić, dr.sc. Marija Brajdić Vuković i dr.sc Danijela Dolenec. Duboko zabrinuti stručnjaci upozoravaju da je rast sve teže postići zbog opadanja koristi od produktivnosti, zasićenosti tržišta i ekološke degradacije.
Potkopavanje demokracije
Ako se aktualni trendovi nastave, u Europi za deset godina možda više uopće neće biti rasta. Trenutačno se on potiče omogućavanjem većeg duga, zanemarivanjem propisa o zaštiti okoliša, produljenjem radnog vremena i rezanjem socijalne skrbi – pišu znanstvenici te dodaju da agresivna usredotočenost na rast pod svaku cijenu stvara podjele u društvu i ekonomsku nestabilnost te potkopava demokraciju. Dobra je vijest da se u civilnom društvu i akademskoj zajednici pojavio pokret odrasta – poručuju.
Pojam „odrast“ u globalnom se pojmovniku sreće i pod nazivima „décroissance“, „Postwachstum“, „steady-state“ ili „doughnut economics“, „prosperitet bez rasta“; globalna inicijativa Wellbeing Economies Alliance (WE-All) povezuje ove pokrete, a europska istraživačka mreža razvija nove ekološke makroekonomske modele koji pokazuju da je moguće poboljšati kvalitetu života, obnoviti prirodnu ravnotežu, smanjiti nejednakost i osigurati smislene poslove bez potrebe za rastom BDP-a.
Neke od predloženih promjena uključuju ograničenja korištenja resursa, progresivno oporezivanje i postupno skraćivanje radnog vremena. Korištenje resursa moglo bi se ograničiti uvođenjem poreza na ugljik, a prihod vratiti kao dividenda za sve ili koristiti za financiranje socijalnih programa – objašnjavaju.
Ništa bez partnerstva
Predlažu uvođenje temeljnog i maksimalnog dohotka te korištenje novih tehnologija za skraćivanje radnog vremena i poboljšanje kvalitete života, umjesto za otpuštanja i povećanje profita privilegirane manjine. Konkretno traže: osnivanje povjerenstva za budućnost s odrastom u Europskom parlamentu, uključenje alternativnih indikatora koji mjere utjecaj na dobrobit građana u makroekonomski okvir EU, pretvaranje Pakta o stabilnosti i rastu (SGP) u Pakt o stabilnosti i dobrobiti (SGP je skup pravila kojima je cilj ograničavanje državnih deficita i državnog duga, op.a.) te uspostavu ministarstva gospodarske tranzicije u svakoj državi članici, usmjerenog na ljudsko i ekološko blagostanje.
– Rast, sam po sebi, kao rješenje oskudice i kreator blagostanja oduvijek je bio varka za koncentraciju bogaćenja. Za svaki dolar koji dobijemo mi, oni dobiju dva, a ukupni troškovi prebace se na prirodu koja ponajprije održava, hrani i odijeva, najslabije – komentira Mladen Domazet s Instituta za političku ekologiju, jedan od 10-ak znanstvenika u Hrvatskoj koji se izravno bave temom odrasta. Domazet je diplomirao fiziku i filozofiju na Oxfordu i doktorirao filozofiju znanosti na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Smatra da je vrijeme da radikalno promijenimo način na koji ostvarujemo i dijelimo dobrobit, te da se Hrvatska itekako može razvijati odrastno, ponajprije lokaliziranjem proizvodnje i potrošnje najbitnijih dobara, poput hrane, uz usmjeravanje društvenih viškova na zajedničku dobrobit: za kvalitetno i dostupno obrazovanje i zdravstvenu zaštitu za sve.
Ali Hrvatska to ne može sama: potrebna su joj europska partnerstva za priskrbljivanje resursa i dobara, oprost duga i održavanje što veće raznolikosti da nam život ne bude monoton, patrijarhalan i siv – zaključuje Domazet.
Dr Dan O'Neill, Associate Professor, University of Leeds, UK
Dr Federico Demaria, Researcher, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Dr Giorgos Kallis, Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Dr Kate Raworth, Author of ‘Doughnut Economics’, UK
Dr Tim Jackson, Professor, University of Surrey, UK
Dr Jason Hickel, Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
Dr Lorenzo Fioramonti, Professor, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Dr Marta Conde, President of Research & Degrowth, Spain
Dr Kevin Anderson, Deputy Director, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, UK
Dr Saskia Sassen, Professor of Sociology, Columbia University, USA
Dr David Graeber, Professor, London School of Economics, UK
Dr Ann Pettifor, Director, Policy Research in Macroeconomics (PRIME), UK
Dr Serge Latouche, Université Paris Sud, France
Dr Kate Pickett, Professor, University of York, UK
Dr Susan George, President of the Transnational Institute-TNI, Netherlands
Dr Joan Martinez Alier, Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia
Dr Juan Carlos Monedero Fernández, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Dr Dominique Méda, Professor, University Paris Dauphine, France
Dr Ian Gough, Visiting Professor, London School of Economics, UK
Dr Lourdes Beneria, Professor Emerita, Cornell University, USA
Dr Inge Røpke, Professor, Aalborg University, Denmark
Dr Niko Paech, Professor, University of Siegen, Germany
Dr Jean Gadrey, Professor, University of Lille, France
Dr Nadia Johanisova, Lecturer, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Dr Wolfgang Sachs, Research Director Emeritus, Wuppertal Institut, Germany
Dr Stefania Barca, Senior Researcher, Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Dr Gilbert Rist, Emeritus Professor, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland
Dr György Pataki, Professor, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Dr Simone D'Alessandro, Professor, University of Pisa, Italy
Dr Iñigo Capellán-Pérez, Researcher, University of Valladolid, Spain
Dr Amaia Pérez Orozco, Researcher, Colectiva XXK, Spain
Dr Max Koch, Professor, Lund University, Sweden
Dr Fabrice Flipo, Professor, Institut Mines Télécom-BS et LCSP Paris 7 Diderot, France
Dr Matthias Schmelzer, Researcher, University of Jena and Konzeptwerk Neue Ökonomie, Germany
Dr Óscar Carpintero, Associate Professor, University of Valladolid, Spain
Dr Hubert Buch-Hansen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Dr Christos Zografos, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain
Dr Tereza Stöckelová, Associate Professor, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Dr Alf Hornborg, Professor, Lund University, Sweden
Dr Eric Clark, Professor, Lund University, Sweden
Dr Miklós Antal, Researcher, University of Leeds, UK
Dr Jordi Roca Jusmet, Professor, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
Dr Philippe Defeyt, Chairman, Institute for Sustainable Development, Belgium
Dr Erik Swyngedouw, Professor, University of Manchester, UK
Dr Christian Kerschner, Assistant Professor, Modul University Vienna, Austria
Dr Agata Hummel, Assistant Professor, University of Adam Mickiewicz, Poland
Dr Frank Moulaert, Emeritus Professor, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Dr Frank Adler, Researcher, Brandenburg-Berlin Institute for Social Scientific Research, Germany
Dr Janne I. Hukkinen, Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Dr John Barry, Professor, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
Dr Linda Nierling, Senior Scientist, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
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Dr Hug March, Associate Professor, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
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Dr Isabelle Anguelovski, Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Dr François Schneider, Researcher, Research & Degrowth, France
Dr Vasilis Kostakis, Senior Researcher, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Dr Enric Tello, Professor, University of Barcelona, Spain
Dr Andrew Sayer, Professor, Lancaster University, UK
Dr Kate Soper, Emerita Professor, London Metropolitan University, UK
Dr Klaus Hubacek, Professor, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
Dr Brent Bleys, Assistant Professor, Ghent University, Belgium
Dr Jill Jäger, Independent Scholar, Vienna, Austria
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Dr Ivan Murray Mas, Assistant Lecturer, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
Dr Alexandros Kioupkiolis, Assistant Professor, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Dr Aurore Lalucq, Co-Director, Veblen Institute, France
Dr Gaël Plumecocq, Researcher, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France
Dr David Soto Fernández, Associate Professor, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Spain
Dr Christian Kimmich, Researcher, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
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Dr Seth Schindler, Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, UK
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Dr Lorenzo Pellegrini, Associate Professor, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
Dr Erik Gómez-Baggethun, Professor, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Dr Tor A. Benjaminsen, Professor, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
Dr Barry McMullin, Professor, Dublin City University, Ireland
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Dr Seema Arora-Jonsson, Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
Dr Astrid Agenjo Calderón, Lecturer, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Spain
Dr Tom Bauler, Professor, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Dr Gregers Andersen, Independent Researcher, Denmark
Dr Peter Söderbaum, Professor Emeritus, Mälardalen University, Sweden
Dr Lourenzo Fernandez Priero, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Dr John R Porter, Emeritus Professor, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Dr François Thoreau, Senior Researcher, University of Liege, France
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Dr Maria Nikolaidi, Senior Lecturer, University of Greenwich, UK
Dr Ekaterina Chertkovskaya, Lecturer, Lund University, Sweden
Dr Stefan Gaarsmand Jacobsen, Assistant Professor, University of Roskilde, Denmark
Dimitar Sabev, Researcher, University of National and World Economy, Bulgaria
Dr Mladen Domazet, Research Director, Institute for Political Ecology, Croatia
Dr Hans Diefenbacher, Professor, University of Heidelberg, Germany
Dr Marco Armiero, Director of the Environmental Humanities Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Dr Irene Ring, Professor, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Dr Christine Bauhardt, Professor, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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Dr Adrian Smith, Professor, University of Sussex, UK
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Dr Antoine Bailleux, Professor, Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles, Belgium
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Dr Manuel González de Molina, Professor, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Spain
Dr Kye Askins, Reader, University of Glasgow, UK
Dr Carlos de Castro Carranza, Profesor Titular de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
Dr Annika Pissin, Researcher, Lund University, Sweden
Dr Eva Fraňková, Assistant Professor, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Dr Helga Kromp-Kolb, Professor, University of Renewable Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Dr Lidija Živčič, Senior Expert, Focus, Association for Sustainable Development, Slovenia
Dr Martin Pogačar, Research Fellow, ZRC SAZU, Slovenia
Dr Peter Nielsen, Associate Professor, Roskilde University, Denmark
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Dr Daniel Hausknost, Assistant Professor, Institute for Social Change and Sustainability,
Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria
Dr Christoph Görg, Professor, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
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Dr Bengi Akbulut, Assistant Professor, Concordia University, Canada
Dr Kevin Maréchal, Professor, Université de Liège, Belgium.
Dr Anke Schaffartzik, Researcher, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Dr Milena Buchs, Associate Professor, University of Leeds, UK
Dr Jean-Louis Aillon, Researcher, University of Genova, Italy
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Dr Helmut Haberl, Associate Professor, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria
Dr Julien-François Gerber, Assistant Professor, International Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands
Dr John Holten-Andersen, Associate Professor, Aalborg University, Denmark
Theresa Klostermeyer, Officer for Sustainability and Social Change, German League for
Nature, Animal and Environmental Protection, Germany
Dr Lyla Mehta, Professor, Institute of Development Studies, UK
Dr Geneviève Azam, Professor, Université Jean Jaurès, France
Dr Hermann E. Ott, Professor, University of Sustainable Development Eberswalde, Germany
Dr Angelika Zahrnt, Professor, Institute for Ecological Economic Research, Germany
Dr Melissa Leach, Director, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, UK
Dr Irmi Seidl, Assistant Professor, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland
Dr Shilpi Srivastava, Research Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, UK
Dr Elgars Felcis, Researcher, University of Latvia, Chairman of Latvian Permaculture Association, Latvia
Dr Tilman Santarius, Professor, Technische Universität Berlin and Einstein Center Digital Futures, Germany
Nina Treu, Coordinator of Konzeptwerk Neue Ökonomie, Germany
Dr Laura Horn, Associate Professor, Roskilde University, Denmark Jennifer Hinton, Researcher, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
Dr Friedrich Hinterberger, President, Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Austria
Dr Miriam Lang, Assistant Professor, Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar, Ecuador
Dr Susse Georg, Professor, Aalborg University, Denmark
Dr Silvio Cristiano, Researcher, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' & Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy
Dr Petr Jehlička, Senior Lecturer, Open University, UK
Dr Maja Göpel, Professor, Leuphana University, Member Club of Rome, Germany
Dr Geraldine Thiry, Associate Professor, ICHEC Brussels Management School, Belgium
Dr Olivier Malay, Researcher, University of Louvain, Belgium
Dr Richard Lane, Researcher, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Netherlands
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Dr Stephan Lessenich, Professor, Ludwig Maximilians University, Germany
Timothée Parrique, Researcher, Stockholm University, Sweden
Dr Ludivine Damay, Lecturer, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Dr Claudio Cattaneo, Associate Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Dr Miquel Ortega Cerdà, Advisor, Barcelona City Council
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Dr Annalisa Colombino, Assistant Professor, Institute of Geography and Regional Sciences, University of Graz, Austria
Dr Philip von Brockdorff, Head of the Department of Economics, University of Malta, Malta
Dr Sarah Cornell, Senior Researcher, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
Dr Ruth Kinna, Professor of Political Theory, Loughborough University, UK
Francesco Gonella, Professor, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy
Orsolya Lazanyi, Researcher, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Dr Eva Friman, Director at Swedesd, Uppsala University, Sweden
Dr Pernilla Hagbert, Researcher, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Vincent Liegey, Co-Author of "A Degrowth Project", Hungary
Dr Manlio Iofrida, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Italy
Dr Mauro Bonaiuti, Lecturer, University of Turin, Italy
Dr Marco Deriu, Researcher, University of Parma, Italy
Dr Eeva Houtbeckers, Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University, Finland
Dr Guy Julier, Professor, Aalto University, Finland
Dr Anna Kaijser, Lecturer, Linköping University, Sweden
Dr Petter Næss, Professor, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
Dr Irina Velicu, Researcher, Center for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Dr Ulrich Brand, Professor, University of Vienna, Austria
Dr Christina Plank, Researcher, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria
Dr Karolina Isaksson, Senior Research Leader, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden
Dr Jin Xue, Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Dr Irmak Ertör, Researcher, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Dr Maria Hadjimichael, Researcher, Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Dr Carlo Aall, Researcher in Societal Transformation and Climate Change, Western Norway Research Institute, Norway
Dr Claudiu Craciun, Lecturer, National School of Political Studies and Administration (SNSPA), Romania
Dr Tuuli Hirvilammi, Researcher, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Dr Tuula Helne, Senior Researcher, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Finland
Davide Biolghini, Researcher, Rete italiana Economia Solidale (RES), Italy
Dr Pasi Heikkurinen, Lecturer, University of Leeds, UK
Dr Anne Tittor, Researcher, Junior Research Group Bioeconomy & Inequalities, University of Jena, Germany
Dr Dennis Eversberg, Researcher, DFG Research Group on Postgrowth Societies, University of Jena, Germany
Dr Herman Stål, Lecturer, Umea School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Sweden
Dr Hervé Corvellec, Professor, Lund University, Sweden
Dr Anna Heikkinen, Researcher, University of Tampere, Finland
Dr Karl Bonnedahl, Researcher, Umea University, Sweden
Dr Meri Koivusalo, Professor, University of Tampere, Finland
Dr Martin Fritz, Researcher in Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany
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Dr Yuri Kazepov, Professor, University of Vienna, Austria
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Patrick ten Brink, Director of EU Policy, European Environmental Bureau, Belgium
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Dr Alevgul H. Sorman, Researcher, Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Spain
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Kad ce porez na zrak.